What is development?


Different authors have defined the term development to mean advancement from a lower stage to a higher stage in economical, political, social, technological etc.

 Development   means advancing from one stage to another in which the second stage is better than the first ones. However development has many definitions which are based on the various schools of thoughts.

According to Goran Hyden (1994), He states that Development as the product of efforts has architects and auditors. It means that auditors will be the ones to assess how successful the architects are in improving the process of the changes in the given society.

In the field of the Economy, Development concept is brought forward by Adam Smith and David Ricardo who argues that development is indicated by the increased per capita income, Gross Domestic Product, investments and markets. Therefore a place with high investments, high per capita income and markets can be termed as a developed place and a place which is having poor investments, poor per capita, poor markets then it will be referred as under developed place.

World Capitalist theory: This theory is based much on the economics side and it suggests that market is the major organizing force in development. It suggests that politics and economics have different logics and therefore they should not interfere with each other.

Bourgeois Theory: It argues that development is a gradual process. It is an advance through progressive stages from low stage to higher stage which is better than the previous one. This theory includes Prof Rostows and Nukes’ vicious circle of poverty.
In this theory development depends on Productive capacity and technology, manufacturing industry, transport and savings.
The 5 stages of growth in this theory include traditional Society, emergence of pre conditions for takeoff, the take off, drive to maturity, age of high class consumption.

Other scholars including Karl Marx defined development as a process of class struggle, free man and slave, lord and serf. It’s a situation where by the oppressed class will be fighting against the oppressor which will lead to a revolution and changes in the society. Karl Marx believed that development can only take place as a result of class struggle and that the oppressing class must be overthrown and socialist economic system be established.

KARL MARX(1818-1883): This one analyzed social relations in order to change the in equalities and injustices created by capitalists economic relations that prevailed at the time and justified by the iron law of wages which aimed at paying low wages to workers. In this theory five stages are explained and that are Primitive communalism, Feudalism, Capitalism, Socialism and communism
Therefore development will be grasped only when the changes happen because of class struggle and work through contradictions that are in social and political phenomena. In politics field, development is explained as the democracy and freedom. Therefore for an area to be developed then it has to be politically stable meaning that there must democracy and the freedom of the citizens.
Also some other scholars are viewing development as a social aspect thus overall human process of progress focusing on human society.

DEPENDENCY THEORY: Dependency is a situation in which the economies of one group of countries are conditioned by development and expansion of others. The theory argues that developing countries are incapable of following an alternative path due to the fact that their decision is conditioned by the developed countries. Therefore the theory suggests breaking the cycle of economic and political reliance on dominant capitalist’s nations. So the dependent countries should break free from the countries which are dominating them.
This can be done through reducing dependency by improving transport and communication system, improving local industries, improving local markets and social services.
This theory of dependency was brought forward by Furtado, Frank, Graffin, Sunkel, Dos Santos, and Szentes

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