What is sustainable development in African context?


What is sustainable development in African context?
             
Sustainable development is defined as that development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generation to meet their own needs. The UNCED (1987) defines Sustainable development as development that fulfills the needs of the present without limiting the potential for meeting the needs of the future generations
Sustainable development is a process in which Economic,fiscal,trade,energy,agricultural and Industrial policies are all designed to bring about development that is economically,socially,and ecologically sustainable. This is to say the current consumption cannot be financed by incurring debts that others must repay in future.
            
 Population control, this can be controlled through family planning. Africa has to control population so that the proportion increase in population has to match with the available resources. Greater increase in population will lead to distortion of resources and hence future generation won’t be able to meet their needs.
           
 Proper allocation of resources. In this there should be equitable distribution of resources according to the needs of the society. Example of these resources is land, water and minerals
             
Development of infrastructure, such as roads, railways, airlines and other means such as communication and transportation facilities which can enhance development of trade link among countries in the continent.
         
  Environmental conservation, that is to be enhanced through enaction of policies and by laws which prevent the destruction of environment and preserving biodiversity. Example in Tanzania there is an organization for controlling and preservation of environment which is named as (NEMC).
             
Agricultural growth, since most of African countries depending in agriculture as their backbone of their economy. More efforts should be put in agriculture to ensure stable wide supply of food. Agriculture should be improved through the following ways: Use of fertilizers, Provision of subsidies, and provision of education to the small farmers on how to produce and obtain the potential profits.
             
Provision of education, this can be attained through new building and modification of old schools, universities and promoting good working condition to the supervisors and directors of education programmes.

           
 Promotion of investment by Government, This will expand the level of employment opportunities to the society since the investors will employ the indigenous to the investment (Company or Enterprises)Therefore this will increase the level of development and Gross domestic product of the states in African continent.
            
 Formation of economic integration and cooperation within the African continent, this will increase unity among the Africans nations in solving various economic shakings that usually affect the societies life experience. In Africa There are cooperation such as EAC (for East African countries) COMESA (Eastern and southern Africa) (ECOWAS (Western African states), SADC (Southern Africa)
             
Industrial Growth; industrial sectors should be improved in order to increase the national income from the profit generation. This can be attaining in the presence of available resources such as land, labor and capital.
            
 Maintenance of democracy that means the countries should put into considerations the principles of good governance (Transparency, Rule of law, Participation, Accountability, Effective and efficiency, Equity and inclusiveness, Consensus oriented).That will make the state in Africa from being poorly governed)
           




Various authors have elaborated this concept including the followings;
1.     Driscoll,Marcy P.(1994)Psychology of learning for instruction.Needham,MA:Allyn and Bacon
2.     Crawford, Kathryn (1996) Vygotsky approaches to human development in the information era. Educational studies in Mathematics(31) 43-62
3.     Wertsch,James V.Sohmer ,Richard (1995).Vygotsky on learning and development.Human development.(38)332-37

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